Research guides
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How to use Valence
Lobbying Disclosure Reports Explained
LD-1 and LD-2 filings reveal who lobbies Congress and how much they spend. Here is the quarterly deadline and where the data comes from.
Oct 2, 2026
3 min read
How to Read Federal Contract Award Data
USAspending.gov and FPDS publish every federal contract award. Here is the difference between obligated amount and award ceiling, explained.
Oct 2, 2026
3 min read
Why Congress Trades Show Up Weeks Late
Congressional stock trades can appear 30-45 days after they happen. Here is how to read the transaction date versus the disclosure date.
Oct 2, 2026
3 min read
How Congress Stock Trades Are Disclosed
The STOCK Act requires members of Congress to report stock trades over $1,000 within 45 days. Here is how the filing system actually works.
Oct 2, 2026
3 min read